Accounts compiled over years later by various researchers interviewing Robinson, Rappleyea, Scopes, and others disagree so much on specific details that they can be harmonized only on major points.
It is at least clear that by May 5 the following met with Doc Robinson at his drug store to discuss a possible test case of the evolution law: Rappleyea, Superintendent of Schools Walter White, lawyer Wallace C. Haggard, city attorneys Herbert B. Hicks and his brother Sue K. Since the regular biology teacher, W. Ferguson, refused to be a part of a test case, Scopes was asked to help even though he was the football, basketball, and baseball coach and taught math, physics, and chemistry.
At least he had substituted for a few days in biology class when Ferguson was sick, but Scopes confessed. Because Bryan was a former Secretary of State, three-time presidential candidate, leader of the Democratic Party for some fifteen years, popular silver-tongued orator of the Chautauqua circuit, and famous spokesman for Christian fundamentalist ideas, his arrival on the scene raised the trial to major-league status and broadened the issues.
The thing to do is to make a fool out of Bryan. Neal of their availability. Darrow was radical and sensational, and Malone did not have the best public image, being an international divorce lawyer and a divorced, backslidden Catholic de Camp 74, , ; Fecher ; Scopes The next eight weeks were marked by a mixture of serious legal maneuvers and comic interludes.
Chattanooga leaders tried unsuccessfully to get the trial. Dayton leaders countered successfully by recalling Scopes from vacation in Kentucky, speeding up the legal process by two months, and arranging for two fake fights to maintain media interest.
Back in Dayton the population swelled from about to about at the height of the trial. And then there were the media people: three news services and reporters, whose stories totaled about two million words and whose ranks included H. The official chief counsel for the defense was Dr.
John R. McElwee former student of Neal and replacement for John L. Godsey, who resigned the first day of the trial after being active in the planning and preparations. In addition, the defense had as librarian and Biblical authority Charles Francis Potter Modernist Unitarian preacher Scopes 65,; de Camp , , In charge of the prosecution was A. Hicks from Dayton , Herbert B. Haggard F. Those officiating and assisting at the trial were under much pressure because of the significance of the issues, the importance of some of the lawyers, the hot July weather, the presence of the media, and the crowded conditions of the courtroom, which was built to seat about but had about twice that number seated and standing.
The court reporter was Mrs. Cartright to open in prayer. Because Judge Raulston had been so eager to get the case that he had allowed Scopes to be indicted on May 25th by a grand jury whose term had expired, the judge convened another grand jury to indict Scopes a second time Ginger Eight prospective jurors were examined and excused for various reasons.
In the order of their appearance, the following were selected for the jury: W. Roberson farmer, no church affiliation , J. Dagley farmer, Methodist , James W. Riley farmer, Baptist , W. Taylor farmer, Southern Methodist , R. Gentry farmer and teacher, Baptist ; Jack R. Thompson jury foreman, former U. Marshall, farm owner, Methodist , W.
Smith farmer, Baptist , Jess R. Bowman farmer and cabinet maker, Methodist Episcopal. William G. Day farmer, Baptist , R. West farmer and carpenter, Baptist , and John S. Wright farmer, Baptist. Trial ; de Camp On the second day, Monday, July 13, the Reverend M. Moffett was asked to lead in prayer. The indictment was discussed at length, and a motion by Dr.
Neal to quash it failed. The prominent speakers on this day were Dr. Neal, General Stewart, and Clarence Darrow, the last of whom concluded the day with a speech on freedom that takes up 13 of the 42 pages of the trial record for this day. When Judge Raulston called on the Reverend Dr.
Stribling to begin in prayer on the third day, Tuesday, July 14, Clarence Darrow objected to the practice and to the jury being present at the discussion of the matter. After heated discussion on both sides, the judge overruled in favor of opening the court with prayer.
Court was then adjourned for much of the day in order to allow the judge to formulate a decision regarding the question raised on day two about the constitutionality of the law and the motion to quash the indictment. Charles Francis Potter, the Unitarian minister from New York who assisted the defense as an expert on religion. Judge Raulston then read his lengthy and carefully worded decision about the motion to quash the indictment.
Finding the indictment adequately clear and the law appropriate in its relation to freedom of thought and expression, Raulston overruled the motion.
In the afternoon session, Scopes pleaded not guilty. Then the prosecution called the following witnesses: Superintendent of Schools Walter White; school board chairman F.
Scopes at the time of the May 25th hearing and Darrow at the time of the trial both coached some of the prospective student witnesses on the details of evolution so they would appear to have learned the subject from Scopes.
Cartwright was dignified and humble in his prayer, asking God "the Supreme Ruler of the Universe" to enable the court to "administer its affairs" with justice and wisdom. John Scopes arrived for the trial wearing a blue shirt and a hand-painted bow tie. John Thomas Scopes. He selected a grand jury, read the Butler Act , then the first chapter of the Bible 's book of Genesis.
Judge Raulston said, "the vital question now involved for your consideration is, has the statute been violated by the said John T. Scopes or any other person by teaching a theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible , and in Rhea County since the passage of this act and prior to this investigation. If you find the statute has been thus violated, you should indict the guilty person or persons, as the case may be.
Defense attorney Clarence Darrow congratulated those on his own side, then compared the trial to a witchcraft trial. Scopes decided to study geology at the University of Chicago and later worked in the oil industry in Venezuela and the United States.
I accept Col. In support of evolution, Dr. In the trial transcript page , the defense explained their reason for examining Bryan was that they considered him a foremost student of the Bible. This indictment we prove by comparing the processes described as evolutionary with the text of Genesis.
It not only contradicts the Mosaic record as to the beginning of human life, but it disputes the Bible doctrine of reproduction according to kind—the greatest scientific principle known. Its tendency, natural, if not inevitable, is to lead those who really accept it, first to agnosticism and then to atheism. See also: Pride flag 'builds walls, not bridges' Parent tells peel public school board.
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View Cart. Refuting Common Evolutionist Claims. Share: Email Using: Gmail Yahoo! Outlook Other. Trial transcript, Trial transcript, —, At our school, we very much feel the message of kindness, support, and acceptance is central to our school community. We will be teaching our students about the flag so they understand its message.
Please help us to celebrate this moment of respect and kindness. With the email notification coming at about 10 p. Newsletter Get the latest answers emailed to you. More than six hundred spectators shoehorned themselves into the courtroom. The presiding judge, John T. Raulston, had proposed holding the trial outdoors in a tent that would accommodate twenty thousand. Reporters assembled from as far away as London and Hong Kong. Mencken chronicled the trial for the Baltimore Sun.
Years later, the U. Supreme Court struck down a similar Arkansas law in Epperson v. Arkansas , finding that it violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment.
This article was originally published in James C.
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